TEACHING OF CONTEMPT

MARY C. BOYS: The history between Jews and Christians in general, but particularly Jews and Catholics, is a very tragic one. In a way, when we stand here, we see the long arc of history. And we see that from the beginning, as was understood then, that the writings of the New Testament, particularly the gospels and the Gospels of John, present Jesus -- he’s a Jew but he seems to be against the Jews. And the crucifixion as John's account has it, makes the Jews the ones who cry, “Crucify him! Crucify him!” And we rehearse this every Good Friday, so anyone who goes to church on Good Friday hears this and it’s very evocative. So, the Jews became blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus even though, historically, it's the Roman Empire in the personage of Pontius Pilate who has the power and makes the decision to crucify. And there were thousands and thousands of Jews who were crucified in the Roman Empire. But that fact was really lost and so over time it developed from a rhetorical opposition to these Jews to when the church gets power, political power, it really enforced segregation between Jews and Catholics.

JAMES RUDIN: The phrase that covers it all is “the teaching of contempt.” If you teach young children contempt for another group, they're inferior and they're not beloved by God, they’re not worthy of God’s love, that they missed the boat theologically 2000 years ago, their religion has been superseded and taken over by Christianity, that's contempt . . . And the teaching of contempt had to be addressed, confronted, and overcome. It's like you have a pathology and you have to medically identify it, diagnose it, and then treat it. So, the teaching of contempt for Jews and Judaism runs and ran very deep. And that's what the Bishops had to confront at the Vatican Council and that's what interreligious dialogue is about today.

NOSTRA AETATE

MARY C. BOYS: A French historian, a Jew who had been hidden by a Catholic woman during the Second World War had used his historical research to trace what he came to call “the teaching of contempt.” That is, how the Catholic Church in particular has taught about Jews and Judaism over the centuries. And in this June meeting he, Jules Isaac, was 83 and Pope John is 79 and Pope John's trusted lieutenant, as it were, Cardinal Augustine Bea, also 79, met together for about 15 minutes. And something happened between the two. And it’s at that time that the Pope decides let's put this question our relationship with the Jews on the agenda of the council and then he turned to Cardinal Bea and asked him to oversee that. A momentous meeting, 83 and 79. Who says old people can't change the world?

SUSANNAH HESCHEL: My father wanted the repudiation of any effort to convert the Jews, that was extremely important to him. He wanted a rejection of anti-Semitism of course, but he also wanted something positive. He wanted the church have institutions that would foster an understanding of Judaism, and working together, and so forth. So there were three statements issued, the first two drafts, then the final one. When the second draft appeared, it called for a hope for the eventual conversion of the Jews. My father was very upset about that and he called it spiritual fratricide. And he said and it was quoted in the papers, “If given the choice, I would go to Auschwitz before I would give up my faith.” JOHN CONNELLY The document Nostra Aetate was a revolutionary statement because it was the first church statement that said that God loves the Jewish people. It was a statement that made clear that the object of this divine love was indeed a people that represented a tradition that was a religious tradition but it wasn't simply a religion. There’s a complexity to Judaism that the church recognizes in this final document. It also breaks decisively with the core of the anti-Judaic message that Jews were thought of previously as Christ-killers. It was stated explicitly that Jews could not be held accountable for the death of Christ, that Christ had died because of the sins of all human beings and for the sake of all humanity. And it recognized an enduring vocation to the Jewish people, of the Jewish people over time that would persist to the end of time. TAYLOR BRANCH It was an incredible ecumenical statement and response to the Holocaust and to World War Two. It took a long time coming and not without tremendous struggles within the church. Catholic bishops, and archbishops, and cardinals warned that there would be riots against Catholics and Christians in Arab countries if they were nice to the Jews because Muslims would take that as a sign of betrayal of them. I mean this is international politics and theology and the heart. Some Catholics saw the facts that the teaching that Jews killed Jesus as central to Christianity. How are we going to back down on that? A REVOLUTION BENJAMIN SAX So, one of the great achievements of Abraham Joshua Heschel in the American Jewish community was his ability to allow American Jews to think about interreligious dialogue in a productive way. It was very difficult for Jews, and I will put a footnote that Jews had a tough relationship with American Christians and Christianity in general since most Jews blamed Christian theological language for the conditions by which Nazi Germany took place. There was a lot of anti-Jewish sentiment in the New Testament that has played its role historically in terms of violence, ghetto-ization, etc. For all the history that Christians learn about themselves, what they don’t learn are the things that Jews memorize. So, Jews have a tempestuous relationship with Christianity. And Heschel had this almost uncanny ability to take something so fraught within the Jewish community and see it as something potentially productive theologically. JAMES RUDIN He made it kosher. He made it legitimate for other rabbis and Jewish lay people to enter into positive, constructive, meaningful relationships with not only the Roman Catholic Church with all forms of Christianity and other religions including today Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, other religions throughout the world. Because the sense was, to put it in simplest terms, if Abraham Joshua Heschel, revered and beloved in the Jewish community for all that he represented, if he could do it, and not only do it but be a leader. Not only be a leader in the United States but to go to Rome and confront the highest officials, leaders of the Roman Catholic Community, if he could do it, then we could do it too.

Heschel’s experience of the Holocaust, in which he lost his mother and three sisters, was an all too- real evocation of what can happen when people of religious faith do not stand up against evil and oppression. Speaking out of his Jewish tradition, Heschel saw religion as the antidote to the ills of modernity, including the problem of nihilism, which denies meaning and value. In 1965, Heschel became a visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary in New York (the first non- Christian to be so honored), and gave an inaugural lecture on ecumenism called “No Religion is an Island.” In that lecture, Heschel argues that religious pluralism is the will of God---that no religion exists in isolation from the others---and that, in the modern world, religious persons must choose between being interfaith or “inter-nihilistic.” “The voice of God reaches the spirit of man in a variety of ways,” Heschel writes. The 1965 lecture exemplifies Heschel’s approach to and engagement with persons and institutions of other faiths, particularly Christianity. Heschel didn’t simply speak about interfaith cooperation, he lived it. In the early 1960s, he was instrumental in helping to shape relations between Christians and Jews through early and ongoing critiques of Nostra Aetate, a revolutionary statement on Jewish-Christian relations that came out of Vatican II. In his work with Catholic scholars who were preparing this statement, Heschel urged the Catholic church to address and reject historic anti-Semitic attitudes and teachings, which it did. Likewise, Heschel organized religious leaders of different faiths to come together to confront the violence and injustices of the Vietnam War, co-founding the influential organization Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam, which included King, William Sloan Coffin, and others. At the end of his life, Heschel was still seeking out interfaith dialogue and cooperative action, visiting activist friend and Catholic priest Philip Berrigan upon the latter’s release from prison for nonviolent disobedience. Philip and his brother Daniel, both Catholic priests, were among the high-profile figures from other religious traditions who joined Heschel in opposing the violence of the Vietnam War.

1. In the film, Shai Held says that Heschel “came to think that religious diversity was God's will, that God wanted to be worshipped in a variety of ways in a range of ways, in different languages, in different religious images.” Do you agree with this thinking? Are there multiple pathways to God or a single, exclusive one? Considering the time in which Heschel was writing and teaching, would an affirmation of religious diversity---implicitly challenging exclusive claims to religious truth---have been risky or even dangerous? Are there religious communities that would oppose that view today?

2. In his lecture No Religion is an Island, Heschel asserts that, at a time when religion itself is under attack by the forces of nihilism, people of all faiths need to come together to defend the importance and even the necessity of religious understanding. Do you agree with this argument?

3. What was Heschel’s contribution to the creation of Nostra Aetate? How did that statement revolutionize Catholic thinking about the Jewish people? What was Heschel’s role in changing Catholic teaching about the Jews as deicides (i.e. “Christ killers”) and in regard to Jewish conversion to Christianity at the end of time? What did Heschel mean when he said that he would “rather go to Auschwitz” than be forced to surrender his Jewish identity and convert to Christianity?

4. Why was it so important that Heschel help the Catholic church reverse the historical “teaching of contempt” about the Jewish people? How had that teaching drastically and tragically influenced the course of history in the West? What did Heschel want the Catholic church’s new statement on the Jews to affirm about them?

5. Heschel had a secret audience with Pope Paul VI, who presided over many of the momentous changes that came out of Vatican II. What sort of public statement did it make that a Jewish scholar had met with a Catholic pope? Why was Heschel’s initial meeting with Paul VI so controversial?

6. Is Rabbi James Rudin right in suggesting that Heschel’s involvement with Cardinal Bea and other Catholic thinkers during Vatican II can be a model for interfaith cooperation today and for how we perceive people of other faiths?

7. Heschel was a central figure in creating Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam (CALCAV), and he also influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. in coming out against the war, perhaps one of the most important moments of the anti-war movement. Why do you think it was important for Heschel to bring members of other religious traditions together to confront what he saw as the injustices of the war? Is this another way in which he was breaking with tradition to call people from different religious backgrounds together in common cause?

8. In the 1950s and 1960s, Heschel became friends with leading figures in other traditions, including Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr and Roman Catholic monk and writer Thomas Merton. How do these friendships exemplify Heschel’s idea that no religion is “an island,” and that religious pluralism was not only a good thing, but a necessary one?

9. Heschel is often described as a mystic? He was professor of Jewish mysticism at Jewish Theological Seminary and wrote on mysticism as early as 1949 when he wrote The Mystical Element in Judaism. There he said mysticism presupposes “ a yearning after the unattainable, a need to grasp with the senses what is hidden from the mind.” How do you describe a mystic? Is there a connection between Heschel’s mysticism and his involvement in social justice?